作者：姜孝贤
来源：《法制与社会发展》2021年第5期（第68-81页）。
作者简介：
姜孝贤，厦门大学法学院助理教授、硕士生导师，厦门大学立法研究中心副主任
摘 要：新时代我国立法体制的优化应当被置于国家治理现代化的语境下予以把握。现代国家治理是以功能分化为基础的多层级治理，各治理层级具有不可替代的独特功能和运作上的自主性，并在结构上相互依赖和共同演化。我国“统一而又分层次的立法体制”可被视为多层级治理在立法领域的演化成就，其理论意涵包括基于功能分化的运作自主性、基于结构耦合的宪制合作性、基于去中心化的决策分散性和基于立法竞争的演化稳定性等四个方面，具有极大的制度潜能。但在实践中，我国的立法体制在功能分化的充分性、不同立法层级之间的平等互动、演化的固有动力等方面仍然存在不足。新时代我国立法体制优化的方向应当包括：维持和强化立法系统的功能分化，实现不同立法层级的功能特定化和运作自主性；在不同立法层级之间构建基于结构耦合的纵向和横向立法竞争格局，为立法体制的自我优化提供宪制动力；最终形成以“竞争性单一制”为特征的功能分化式立法体制，实现国家法制统一与地方多元有效治理相协调的宪制成效。
关键词：新时代；立法体制；功能分化/整合；竞争性单一制；自我优化
Abstract：In the new era, the optimization of China's legislative system should be grasped in the context of modernization of national governance. Modern national governance is multi-level governance based on functional differentiation. Each governance level has an irreplaceable specific function and operational autonomy, and is structurally interdependent. The “unified and multi-levelled legislative regime” implemented in China could be regarded as the evolutionary achievement of multi-level governance, and its theoretical meaning includes four aspects: operational autonomy based on functional differentiation, constitutional cooperation based on structural coupling, decentralized decision-making based on decentralization, and evolutionary stability based on legislative competition. Despite the great institutional potential, the current legislative regime still has some drawbacks on the sufficiency of functional differentiation, equal interaction among different legislative levels and inherent dynamics in evolution. The direction of optimizing China's legislative regime in the new era should include: maintaining and strengthening the functional differentiation of the legislative system, and guaranteeing the functional specification of the legislative subsystems at different levels and their operational autonomy; constructing the vertical and horizontal legislative competition patterns based on structural coupling among different legislative levels, thus providing constitutional dynamics for the self-optimization of the legislative regime; and finally forming a differentiated legislative regime characterized by “competitive unitarism”, to realize the constitutional performance of the coordination between the unity of the national legal system and the diversified effectiveness of local governance.
Keyword：New Era; Legislative Regime; Functional Differentiation/Integration; Competitive Unitarism; Self-optimization
